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/*!
    \page bindableproperties.html
    \title Qt Bindable Properties
    \brief Qt's bindable properties.

    \ingroup qt-basic-concepts
    \keyword Qt's Bindable Properties

    Qt provides bindable properties. Bindable properties are properties
    which either have a value or are specified using any C++ function,
    typically a C++ lambda expression.
    In case they are specified using a C++ function, they are
    updated automatically whenever their dependencies change.

    Bindable properties are implemented in the class QProperty, which
    consists of the data object and a pointer to a management data structure, and
    in class QObjectBindableProperty, which consists only of the data object and
    uses the encapsulating QObject to store the pointer to the
    management data structure.

    \section1 Why Use Bindable Properties?

    Property bindings are one of the core features of QML. They allow to specify
    relationships between different object properties and automatically update
    properties' values whenever their dependencies change. Bindable properties
    allow to achieve the same not only in QML code, but also in C++. Using
    bindable properties can help to simplify your program, by eliminating a lot
    of boilerplate code for tracking and reacting to dependency updates of
    different objects.

    The \l {Introductory Example} below demonstrates the usage of bindable
    properties in C++ code. You can also check \l {Bindable Properties Example}
    to see how the bindable properties can help to improve your code.

    \section1 Introductory Example

    The binding expression computes the value by reading other QProperty values.
    Behind the scenes this dependency is tracked. Whenever a change in any property's
    dependency is detected, the binding expression is re-evaluated and the new
    result is applied to the property. For example:

    \code
    QProperty<QString> firstname("John");
    QProperty<QString> lastname("Smith");
    QProperty<int> age(41);

    QProperty<QString> fullname;
    fullname.setBinding([&]() { return firstname.value() + " " + lastname.value() + " age: " + QString::number(age.value()); });

    qDebug() << fullname.value(); // Prints "John Smith age: 41"

    firstname = "Emma"; // Triggers binding reevaluation

    qDebug() << fullname.value(); // Prints the new value "Emma Smith age: 41"

    // Birthday is coming up
    age.setValue(age.value() + 1); // Triggers re-evaluation

    qDebug() << fullname.value(); // Prints "Emma Smith age: 42"
    \endcode

    When a new value is assigned to the \c firstname property, the binding
    expression for \c fullname is reevaluated. So when the last \c qDebug() statement
    tries to read the name value of the \c fullname property, the new value is returned.

    Since bindings are C++ functions, they may do anything that's possible
    in C++. This includes calling other functions. If those functions access values
    held by QProperty, they automatically become dependencies to the binding.

    Binding expressions may use properties of any type, so in the above example the age
    is an integer and folded into the string value using conversion to integer, but
    the dependency is fully tracked.

    \section1 Bindable Property Getters and Setters

    When a class has a bindable property, either using QProperty
    or QObjectBindableProperty, special care has to be taken when formulating
    getters and setters for that property.

    \section2 Bindable Property Getters

    To ensure proper operation of the automatic dependency-tracking system,
    every possible code path in a getter needs to read from the underlying
    property object.
    In addition, the property must not be written inside the getter.
    Design patterns which recompute or refresh anything in the getter
    are not compatible with bindable properties.

    It is therefore recommended to only use trivial getters with bindable properties.

    \section2 Bindable Property Setters

    To ensure proper operation of the automatic dependency-tracking system,
    every possible code path in a setter needs to write to the underlying
    property object, even if the value did not change.

    Any other code in a setter has a high propability of being incorrect.
    Any code doing updates based on the new value is most likely a bug,
    as this code won't be executed when the property is changed
    through a binding.

    It is therefore recommended to only use trivial setters with bindable properties.

    \section1 Writing to a Bindable Property

    Bindable properties inform their dependent properties about each change.
    This might trigger change handlers, which in turn might call arbitrary code.
    Thus, every write to a bindable property has to be inspected carefully.
    The following problems might occur.

    \section2 Writing Intermediate Values to Bindable Properties

    Bindable properties must not be used as variables in algorithms. Each value written
    would be communicated to dependent properties.
    For example, in the following code, other properties that depend on
    \b myProperty would be first informed about the change to \b 42, then about
    the change to \b maxValue.

    \badcode
    myProperty = somecomputation(); // returning, say, 42
    if (myProperty.value() > maxValue)
        myProperty = maxValue;
    \endcode

    Instead, perform the computation in a separate variable. Correct usage is shown in the
    following example.

    \code
    int newValue = someComputation();
    if (newValue > maxValue)
        newValue = maxValue;
    myProperty = newValue; // only write to the property once
    \endcode

    \section2 Writing Bindable Properties in Transitional States

    When a bindable property is a member of a class, each write to that property
    might expose the current state to the outside. So bindable properties must
    not be written in transient states, when class invariants are not met.

    For example, in a class representing a circle which holds two members
    \b radius and \b area consistent, a setter might look like this (where radius
    is a bindable property):

    \badcode
    void setRadius(double newValue)
    {
        radius = newValue; // this might trigger change handlers
        area = M_PI * radius * radius;
        emit radiusChanged();
    }
    \endcode

    Here, code triggered in change handlers might use the circle, while it has
    the new radius, but still the old area.

    \section1 Bindable Properties with Virtual Setters and Getters

    Property setters and getters should normally be minimal and do nothing but
    setting the property; hence it is not normally appropriate for such setters
    and getters to be virtual. There is nothing it makes sense for the derived
    class to do.

    However some Qt classes can have properties with virtual setters. When
    subclassing such a Qt class, overriding such setters requires special care.

    In any case the base implementation \e must be called for the binding to
    work correctly.

    The following illustrates this approach.

    \badcode
    void DerivedClass::setValue(int val)
    {
        // do something
        BaseClass::setValue(val);
        // probably do something else
    }
    \endcode

    All the common rules and recommendations regarding writing to bindable
    properties also apply here. As soon as the base class implementation is
    called, all the observers are notified about the change to the property.
    This means that class invariants must be met before calling the base
    implementation.

    In the rare case where such virtual getters or setters are necessary, the
    base class should document the requirements it imposes on overrides.

    \section1 Formulating a Property Binding

    Any C++ expression evaluating to the correct type can be used as a binding
    expression and be given to the setBinding() method. However, to formulate
    a correct binding, some rules must be followed.

    Dependency tracking only works on bindable properties. It's the developer's
    responsibility to ensure that all properties used in the binding expression
    are bindable properties. When non-bindable properties are used in a binding
    expression, changes to those properties do not trigger updates to the bound
    property. No warning or error is generated either at compile-time or at run-time.
    The bound property will be updated only when bindable properties used in the
    binding expression are changed.
    Non-bindable properties might be used in a binding if it's possible
    to ensure that markDirty is called on the property being bound on each
    change of the non-bindable dependency.

    The bound property might evaluate its binding several times during its lifetime.
    The developer must make sure that all objects used in the binding expression
    live longer than the binding.

    The bindable property system is not thread-safe. Properties used in the binding
    expression on one thread must not be read or modified by any other thread.
    An object of a QObject-derived class which has a property with a binding must
    not be moved to a different thread.
    Also, an object of a QObject-derived class which has a property which is used
    in a binding must not be moved to a different thread. In this context, it's
    irrelevant whether it's used in a binding of a property in the same object
    or in a binding of a property in another object.

    The binding expression should not read from the property it's a binding for. Otherwise,
    an evaluation loop exists.

    The binding expression must not write to the property it's a binding for.

    Functions used as bindings as well as all code which is called inside a binding
    must not co_await. Doing so can confuse the property system's tracking of dependencies.

    \section1 Bindable Properties and Multithreading

    Bindable properties are not threadsafe, unless stated otherwise.
    A bindable property must not be read or modified by any thread other than
    the one is was created in.

    \section1 Tracking Bindable Properties

    Sometimes the relationships between properties cannot be expressed using
    bindings. Instead you may need to run custom code whenever the value of a property
    changes and instead of assigning the value to another property, pass it to
    other parts of your application. For example writing data into a network socket
    or printing debug output. QProperty provides two mechanisms for tracking.

    You can register for a callback function to be called whenever the value of
    a property changes, by using onValueChanged(). If you want the callback to also
    be called for the current value of the property, register your callback using
    subscribe() instead.

*/
