/****************************************************************************
**
** Documentation of Unicode support in Qt.
**
** Copyright (C) 1992-2008 Trolltech ASA. All rights reserved.
**
** This file is part of the Qt GUI Toolkit.
** EDITIONS: FREE, PROFESSIONAL, ENTERPRISE
**
** This file is provided AS IS with NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING THE
** WARRANTY OF DESIGN, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
**
****************************************************************************/

/*! 
    \page unicode.html
    \title Unicode
    \ingroup architecture
    \ingroup text-processing
    \brief Information about support for Unicode in Qt.

    Unicode is a multi-byte character set, portable across all major
    computing platforms and with decent coverage over most of the world.
    It is also single-locale; it includes no code pages or other
    complexities that make software harder to write and test. There is no
    competing character set that's reasonably cross-platform. For these
    reasons, Trolltech uses Unicode 4.0 as the native character set for Qt.


    \section1 Information about Unicode on the Web

    The \l{http://www.unicode.org/}{Unicode Consortium} has a number
    of documents available, including

    \list

    \i \l{http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/principles.html}{A
    technical introduction to Unicode}
    \i \l{http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/standard.html}{The
    home page for the standard}

    \endlist


    \section1 The Standard

    The current version of the standard is 4.0.0.

    \list

    \i \link http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0321185781/trolltech/t
    The Unicode Standard, version 4.0.\endlink  See also
    \link http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/
    its home page.\endlink
    \i \link http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201616335/trolltech/t
    The Unicode Standard, version 3.2.\endlink 
    \i \link http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201473459/trolltech/t
    The Unicode Standard, version 2.0.\endlink  See also the
    \link http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr8.html 2.1
    update\endlink and
    \link http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html#Unicode 2.1.9 the 2.1.9 data files\endlink at www.unicode.org.

    \endlist

    \section1 Unicode in Qt

    In Qt, and in most applications that use Qt, most or all user-visible
    strings are stored using Unicode. Qt provides:

    \list

    \i Translation to/from legacy encodings for file I/O: see
    QTextCodec and QTextStream.
    \i Translation from Input Methods and 8-bit keyboard input.
    \i Translation to legacy character sets for on-screen display.
    \i A string class, QString, that stores Unicode characters, with
    support for migrating from C strings including fast (cached)
    translation to and from US-ASCII, and all the usual string
    operations.
    \i Unicode-aware widgets where appropriate.
    \i Unicode support detection on Windows, so that Qt provides Unicode
    even on Windows platforms that do not support it natively.

    \endlist

    To fully benefit from Unicode, we recommend using QString for storing
    all user-visible strings, and performing all text file I/O using
    QTextStream. Use QKeyEvent::text() for keyboard input in any custom
    widgets you write; it does not make much difference for slow typists
    in Western Europe or North America, but for fast typists or people
    using special input methods using text() is beneficial.

    All the function arguments in Qt that may be user-visible strings,
    QLabel::setText() and a many others, take \c{const QString &}s.
    QString provides implicit casting from \c{const char *}
    so that things like

    \code
        label->setText("Password:");
    \endcode

    will work. There is also a function, QObject::tr(), that provides
    translation support, like this:

    \code
        label->setText(tr("Password:"));
    \endcode

    QObject::tr() maps from \c{const char *} to a Unicode string, and
    uses installable QTranslator objects to do the mapping.

    Qt provides a number of built-in QTextCodec classes, that is,
    classes that know how to translate between Unicode and legacy
    encodings to support programs that must talk to other programs or
    read/write files in legacy file formats.

    By default, conversion to/from \c{const char *} uses a
    locale-dependent codec. However, applications can easily find codecs
    for other locales, and set any open file or network connection to use
    a special codec. It is also possible to install new codecs, for
    encodings that the built-in ones do not support. (At the time of
    writing, Vietnamese/VISCII is one such example.)

    Since US-ASCII and ISO-8859-1 are so common, there are also especially
    fast functions for mapping to and from them. For example, to open an
    application's icon one might do this:

    \code
        QFile file(QString::fromLatin1("appicon.png"));
    \endcode

    or

    \code
        QFile file(QLatin1String("appicon.png"));
    \endcode

    Regarding output, Qt will do a best-effort conversion from
    Unicode to whatever encoding the system and fonts provide.
    Depending on operating system, locale, font availability, and Qt's
    support for the characters used, this conversion may be good or bad.
    We will extend this in upcoming versions, with emphasis on the most
    common locales first.

    \sa {Internationalization with Qt}
*/
