/*!
    \example widgets/styles
    \title Styles Example

    The Styles example illustrates how to create custom widget
    drawing styles using Qt, and demonstrates Qt's predefined styles.

    \image styles-enabledwood.png Screenshot of the Styles example

    A style in Qt is a subclass of QStyle or of one of its
    subclasses. Styles perform drawing on behalf of widgets. Qt
    provides a whole range of predefined styles, either built into
    the \l QtGui library or found in plugins. Custom styles are
    usually created by subclassing one of Qt's existing style and
    reimplementing a few virtual functions.

    In this example, the custom style is called \c NorwegianWoodStyle
    and derives from QMotifStyle. Its main features are the wooden
    textures used for filling most of the widgets and its round
    buttons and comboboxes.

    To implement the style, we use some advanced features provided by
    QPainter, such as \l{QPainter::Antialiasing}{antialiasing} (to
    obtain smoother button edges), \l{QColor::alpha()}{alpha blending}
    (to make the buttons appeared raised or sunken), and
    \l{QPainterPath}{painter paths} (to fill the buttons and draw the
    outline). We also use many features of QBrush and QPalette.

    The example consists of the following classes:

    \list
    \o \c NorwegianWoodStyle inherits from QMotifStyle and implements
        the Norwegian Wood style.
    \o \c WidgetGallery is a \c QDialog subclass that shows the most
       common widgets and allows the user to switch style
       dynamically.
    \endlist

    \section1 NorwegianWoodStyle Class Definition

    Here's the definition of the \c NorwegianWoodStyle class:

    \quotefromfile widgets/styles/norwegianwoodstyle.h
    \skipto class NorwegianWood
    \printuntil };

    The public functions are all declared in QStyle (QMotifStyle's
    grandparent class) and reimplemented here to override the Motif
    look and feel. The private functions are helper functions.

    \section1 NorwegianWoodStyle Class Implementation

    We will now review the implementation of the \c
    NorwegianWoodStyle class.

    \quotefromfile widgets/styles/norwegianwoodstyle.cpp
    \skipto ::polish
    \printuntil painter.end()

    The \c polish() function is reimplemented from QStyle. It takes a
    QPalette as a reference and adapts the palette to fit the style.
    Most styles don't need to reimplement that function. The
    Norwegian Wood style reimplements it to set a "wooden" palette.

    We start by defining a few \l{QColor}s that we'll need. Then we
    load two PNG images. The \c : prefix in the file path indicates
    that the PNG files are \l{The Qt Resource System}{embedded
    resources}.

    \table
    \row \o \inlineimage widgets/styles/images/woodbackground.png

         \o \bold{woodbackground.png}

            This texture is used as the background of most widgets.
            The wood pattern is horizontal.

    \row \o \inlineimage widgets/styles/images/woodbutton.png

         \o \bold{woodbutton.png}

            This texture is used for filling push buttons and
            comboboxes. The wood pattern is vertical and more reddish
            than the texture used for the background.
    \endtable

    The \c midImage variable is initialized to be the same as \c
    buttonImage, but then we use a QPainter and fill it with a 25%
    opaque black color (a black with an \l{QColor::alpha()}{alpha
    channel} of 63). The result is a somewhat darker image than \c
    buttonImage. This image will be used for filling buttons that the
    user is holding down.

    \printline palette = QPalette
    \printuntil /^\}/

    We initialize the palette. Palettes have various
    \l{QPalette::ColorRole}{color roles}, such as QPalette::Base
    (used for filling text editors, item views, etc.), QPalette::Text
    (used for foreground text), and QPalette::Background (used for
    the background of most widgets). Each role has its own QBrush,
    which usually is a plain color but can also be a brush pattern or
    even a texture (a QPixmap).

    In addition to the roles, palettes have several
    \l{QPalette::ColorGroup}{color groups}: active, disabled, and
    inactive. The active color group is used for painting widgets in
    the active window. The disabled group is used for disabled
    widgets. The inactive group is used for all other widgets. Most
    palettes have identical active and inactive groups, while the
    disabled group uses darker shades.

    We initialize the QPalette object with a brown color. Qt
    automatically derivates all color roles for all color groups from
    that single color. We then override some of the default values. For
    example, we use Qt::darkGreen instead of the default
    (Qt::darkBlue) for the QPalette::Highlight role. The
    QPalette::setBrush() overload that we use here sets the same
    color or brush for all three color groups.

    The \c setTexture() function is a private function that sets the
    texture for a certain color role, while preserving the existing
    color in the QBrush. A QBrush can hold both a solid color and a
    texture at the same time. The solid color is used for drawing
    text and other graphical elements where textures don't look good.

    At the end, we set the brush for the disabled color group of the
    palette. We use \c woodbackground.png as the texture for all
    disabled widgets, including buttons, and use a darker color to
    accompany the texture.

    \image styles-disabledwood.png The Norwegian Wood style with disabled widgets

    Let's move on to the other functions reimplemented from
    QMotifStyle:

    \printline ::polish(
    \printuntil /^\}/

    This QStyle::polish() overload is called once on every widget
    drawn using the style. We reimplement it to set the Qt::WA_Hover
    attribute on \l{QPushButton}s and \l{QComboBox}es. When this
    attribute is set, Qt generates paint events when the mouse
    pointer enters or leaves the widget. This makes it possible to
    render push buttons and comboboxes differently when the mouse
    pointer is over them.

    \printline ::unpolish(
    \printuntil /^\}/

    This QStyle::unpolish() overload is called to undo any
    modification done to the widget in \c polish(). For simplicity,
    we assume that the flag wasn't set before \c polish() was called.
    In an ideal world, we would remember the original state for each
    widgets (e.g., using a QMap<QWidget *, bool>) and restore it in
    \c unpolish().

    \printline ::pixelMetric
    \printuntil /^\}/

    The \l{QStyle::pixelMetric()}{pixelMetric()} function returns the
    size in pixels for a certain user interface element. By
    reimplementing this function, we can affect the way certain
    widgets are drawn and their size hint. Here, we return 8 as the
    width around a shown in a QComboBox, ensuring that there is
    enough place around the text and the arrow for the Norwegian Wood
    round corners. The default value for this setting in the Motif
    style is 2.

    We also change the extent of \l{QScrollBar}s, i.e., the height
    for a horizontal scroll bar and the width for a vertical scroll
    bar, to be 4 pixels more than in the Motif style. This makes the
    style a bit more distinctive.

    For all other QStyle::PixelMetric elements, we use the Motif
    settings.

    \printline ::styleHint
    \printuntil /^\}/

    The \l{QStyle::styleHint()}{styleHint()} function returns some
    hints to widgets or to the base style (in our case QMotifStyle)
    about how to draw the widgets. The Motif style returns \c true
    for the QStyle::SH_DitherDisabledText hint, resulting in a most
    unpleasing visual effect. We override this behavior and return \c
    false instead. We also return \c true for the
    QStyle::SH_EtchDisabledText hint, meaning that disabled text is
    rendered with an embossed look (as QWindowsStyle does).

    \printline ::drawPrimitive
    \printuntil getRect

    The \l{QStyle::drawPrimitive()}{drawPrimitive()} function is
    called by Qt widgets to draw various fundamental graphical
    elements. Here we reimplement it to draw QPushButton and
    QComboBox with round corners. The button part of these widgets is
    drawn using the QStyle::PE_PanelButtonCommand primitive element.

    The \c option parameter, of type QStyleOption, contains
    everything we need to know about the widget we want to draw on.
    In particular, \c option->rect gives the rectangle within which
    to draw the primitive element. The \c painter parameter is a
    QPainter object that we can use to draw on the widget.

    The \c widget parameter is the widget itself. Normally, all the
    information we need is available in \c option and \c painter, so
    we don't need \c widget. We can use it to perform special
    effects; for example, QMacStyle uses it to animate default
    buttons. If you use it, be aware that the caller is allowed to
    pass a null pointer.

    We start by defining three \l{QColor}s that we'll need later on.
    We also put the x, y, width, and height components of the
    widget's rectangle in local variables. The value used for the \c
    semiTransparentWhite and for the \c semiTransparentBlack color's
    alpha channel depends on whether the mouse cursor is over the
    widget or not. Since we set the Qt::WA_Hover attribute on
    \l{QPushButton}s and \l{QComboBox}es, we can rely on the
    QStyle::State_MouseOver flag to be set when the mouse is over the
    widget.

    \printline roundRect =
    \printline int radius

    The \c roundRect variable is a QPainterPath. A QPainterPath is is
    a vectorial specification of a shape. Any shape (rectangle,
    ellipse, spline, etc.) or combination of shapes can be expressed
    as a path. We will use \c roundRect both for filling the button
    background with a wooden texture and for drawing the outline. The
    \c roundRectPath() function is a private function; we will come
    back to it later.

    \printline QBrush brush
    \printuntil darker = false
    \printline }
    \printline }

    We define two variables, \c brush and \c darker, and initialize
    them based on the state of the button:

    \list
    \o If the button is a \l{QPushButton::flat}{flat button}, we use
       the \l{QPalette::Background}{Background} brush. We set \c
       darker to \c true if the button is
       \l{QAbstractButton::down}{down} or
       \l{QAbstractButton::checked}{checked}.
    \o If the button is currently held down by the user or in the
       \l{QAbstractButton::checked}{checked} state, we use the
       \l{QPalette::Mid}{Mid} component of the palette. We set
       \c darker to \c true if the button is
       \l{QAbstractButton::checked}{checked}.
    \o Otherwise, we use the \l{QPalette::Button}{Button} component
       of the palette.
    \endlist

    The screenshot below illustrates how \l{QPushButton}s are
    rendered based on their state:

    \image styles-woodbuttons.png Norwegian Wood buttons in different states

    To discover whether the button is flat or not, we need to cast
    the \c option parameter to QStyleOptionButton and check if the
    \l{QStyleOptionButton::features}{features} member specifies the
    QStyleOptionButton::Flat flag. The qstyleoption_cast() function
    performs a dynamic cast; if \c option is not a
    QStyleOptionButton, qstyleoption_cast() returns a null pointer.

    \printline painter->save(
    \printline Antialiasing
    \printline fillPath
    \printline if (darker)
    \printline fillPath

    We turn on antialiasing on QPainter. Antialiasing is a technique
    that reduces the visual distortion that occurs when the edges of
    a shape are converted into pixels. For the Norwegian Wood style,
    we use it to obtain smoother edges for the round buttons.

    \image styles-aliasing.png Norwegian wood buttons with and without antialiasing

    The first call to QPainter::fillPath() draws the background of
    the button with a wooden texture. The second call to
    \l{QPainter::fillPath()}{fillPath()} paints the same area with a
    semi-transparent black color (a black color with an alpha channel
    of 63) to make the area darker if \c darker is true.

    \printline int penWidth
    \printuntil qSwap

    Next, we draw the outline. The top-left half of the outline and
    the bottom-right half of the outline are drawn using different
    \l{QPen}s to produce a 3D effect. Normally, the top-left half of
    the outline is drawn lighter whereas the bottom-right half is
    drawn darker, but if the button is
    \l{QAbstractButton::down}{down} or
    \l{QAbstractButton::checked}{checked}, we invert the two
    \l{QPen}s to give a sunken look to the button.

    \printline int x1
    \printuntil int x4
    \printline Qt::RightToLeft) {
    \printuntil }
    \printuntil QPoint(x1, y + height);
    \printuntil drawPath

    We draw the top-left part of the outline by calling
    QPainter::drawPath() with an appropriate
    \l{QPainter::setClipRegion()}{clip region}. If the
    \l{QStyleOption::direction}{layout direction} is right-to-left
    instead of left-to-right, we swap the \c x1, \c x2, \c x3, and \c
    x4 variables to obtain correct results. On right-to-left desktop,
    the "light" comes from the top-right corner of the screen instead
    of the top-left corner; raised and sunken widgets must be drawn
    accordingly.

    The diagram below illustrates how 3D effects are drawn according
    to the layout direction. The area in red on the diagram
    corresponds to the \c topHalf polygon:

    \image styles-3d.png

    An easy way to test how a style looks in right-to-left mode is to
    pass the \c -reverse command-line option to the application. This
    option is recognized by the QApplication constructor.

    \printuntil break;
    \printline default:
    \printuntil /^\}/

    The bottom-right part of the outline is drawn in a similar
    fashion. Then we draw a one-pixel wide outline around the entire
    button, using the \l{QPalette::Foreground}{Foreground} component
    of the QPalette.

    This completes the QStyle::PE_PanelButtonCommand case of the \c
    switch statement. Other primitive elements are handled by the
    base style. Let's now turn to the other \c NorwegianWoodStyle
    member functions:

    \printline ::drawControl
    \printuntil /^\}/

    We reimplement QStyle::drawControl() to draw the text on a
    QPushButton in a bright color when the button is
    \l{QAbstractButton::down}{down} or
    \l{QAbstractButton::checked}{checked}.

    If the \c option parameter points to a QStyleOptionButton object
    (it normally should), we take a copy of the object and modify its
    \l{QStyleOption::palette}{palette} member to make the
    QPalette::ButtonText be the same as the QPalette::BrightText
    component (unless the widget is disabled).

    \printline ::setTexture
    \printuntil /^\}/

    The \c setTexture() function is a private function that sets the
    \l{QBrush::texture()}{texture} component of the \l{QBrush}es for
    a certain \l{QPalette::ColorRole}{color role}, for all three
    \l{QPalette::ColorGroup}{color groups} (active, disabled,
    inactive). We used it to initialize the Norwegian Wood palette in
    \c polish(QPalette &).

    \printline ::roundRectPath
    \printuntil /^\}/

    The \c roundRectPath() function is a private function that
    constructs a QPainterPath object for round buttons. The path
    consists of eight segments: four arc segments for the corners and
    four lines for the sides.

    With around 250 lines of code, we have a fully functional custom
    style based on one of the predefined styles. Custom styles can be
    used to provide a distinct look to an application or family of
    applications.

    \section1 WidgetGallery Class

    For completeness, we will quickly review the \c WidgetGallery
    class, which contains the most common Qt widgets and allows the
    user to change style dynamically. Here's the class definition:

    \quotefromfile widgets/styles/widgetgallery.h
    \skipto class WidgetGallery
    \printuntil disableWidgetsCheckBox
    \dots
    \skipto };
    \printline };

    Here's the \c WidgetGallery constructor:

    \quotefromfile widgets/styles/widgetgallery.cpp
    \skipto ::WidgetGallery(
    \printuntil createProgressBar(

    We start by creating child widgets. The \gui Style combobox is
    initialized with all the styles known to QStyleFactory, in
    addition to \c NorwegianWood. The \c create...() functions are
    private functions that set up the various parts of the \c
    WidgetGallery.

    \printline connect(
    \printuntil bottomRightGroupBox

    We connect the \gui Style combobox to the \c changeStyle()
    private slot, the \gui{Use style's standard palette} check box to
    the \c changePalette() slot, and the \gui{Disable widgets} check
    box to the child widgets'
    \l{QWidget::setDisabled()}{setDisabled()} slot.

    \printline topLayout = new QHBoxLayout
    \printuntil /^\}/

    Finally, we put the child widgets in layouts.

    \printline ::changeStyle
    \printuntil /^\}/

    When the user changes the style in the combobox, we call
    QApplication::setStyle() to dynamically change the style of the
    application.

    \printline ::changePalette
    \printuntil /^\}/

    If the user turns the \gui{Use style's standard palette} on, the
    current style's \l{QStyle::standardPalette()}{standard palette}
    is used; otherwise, the system's default palette is honored.

    For the Norwegian Wood style, this makes no difference because we
    always override the palette with our own palette in \c
    NorwegianWoodStyle::polish().

    \printline ::advanceProgressBar
    \printuntil /^\}/

    The \c advanceProgressBar() slot is called at regular intervals
    to advance the progress bar. Since we don't know how long the
    user will keep the Styles application running, we use a
    logarithmic formula: The closer the progress bar gets to 100%,
    the slower it advances.

    We will review \c createProgressBar() in a moment.

    \printline ::createTopLeftGroupBox
    \printuntil /^\}/

    The \c createTopLeftGroupBox() function creates the QGroupBox
    that occupies the top-left corner of the \c WidgetGallery. We
    skip the \c createTopRightGroupBox(), \c
    createBottomLeftTabWidget(), and \c createBottomRightGroupBox()
    functions, which are very similar.

    \skipto ::createProgressBar
    \printuntil /^\}/

    In \c createProgressBar(), we create a QProgressBar at the bottom
    of the \c WidgetGallery and connect its
    \l{QTimer::timeout()}{timeout()} signal to the \c
    advanceProgressBar() slot.
*/
