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# Qt Tutorial 7 - One Thing Leads to Another

Files:

- tutorial/t7/lcdrange.cpp
- tutorial/t7/lcdrange.h
- tutorial/t7/main.cpp

This example shows how to create custom widgets with signals and slots, and how to connect them together in more complex ways. For the first time, the source is split among several files which we've placed in the `examples/tutorial/t7` directory.

## Line by Line Walkthrough

### t7/lcdrange.h

This file is mainly lifted from `main.cpp` in Chapter 6; only the non-trivial changes are noted here.

        #ifndef LCDRANGE_H
        #define LCDRANGE_H

This, together with the `#endif` at the end of the file, is the standard C++ construction to avoid errors if a header file happens to be included more than once. If you don't use it already, it is a very good habit to develop.

        #include <QWidget>

`<QWidget>` is included since our `LCDRange` class inherits QWidget. The header file of a parent class must always be included - we cheated a bit in the previous chapters, and we let `<QWidget>` be included indirectly via other header files.

        class QSlider;

This is another classic trick, but one that's much less used often. Because we don't need QSlider in the interface of the class, only in the implementation, we use a forward declaration of the class in the header file and include the header file for QSlider in the `.cpp` file.

This makes the compilation of big projects much faster, because the compiler usually spends most of its time parsing header files, not the actual source code. This trick alone can often speed up compilations by a factor of two or more.

        class LCDRange : public QWidget
        {
            Q_OBJECT

        public:
            LCDRange(QWidget *parent = 0);

Note the `Q_OBJECT`. This macro must be included in all classes that contain signals and/or slots. If you are curious, it defines the functions that are implemented in the meta-object file.

            int value() const;

        public slots:
            void setValue(int value);

        signals:
            void valueChanged(int newValue);

These three members make up an interface between this widget and other components in a program. Until now, `LCDRange` didn't really have an API at all.

`value()` is a public function for accessing the value of the `LCDRange`, `setValue()` is our first custom slot, and `valueChanged()` is our first custom signal.

Slots must be implemented in the normal way (a slot is also a C++ member function). Signals are automatically implemented in the meta-object file. Signals follow the access rules of protected C++ functions (i.e., they can be emitted only by the class they are defined in or by classes inheriting from it).

The `valueChanged()` signal is used when the `LCDRange`'s value has changed.

### t7/lcdrange.cpp

This file is mainly lifted from `main.cpp` in Chapter 6, and only the changes are noted here.

            connect(slider, SIGNAL(valueChanged(int)),
                    lcd, SLOT(display(int)));
            connect(slider, SIGNAL(valueChanged(int)),
                    this, SIGNAL(valueChanged(int)));

This code is from the `LCDRange` constructor.

The first connect() call is the same that you have seen in the previous chapter. The second is new; it connects slider's valueChanged() signal to this object's `valueChanged()` signal. Yes, that's right. Signals can be connected to other signals. When the first is emitted, the second signal is also emitted.

Let's look at what happens when the user operates the slider. The slider sees that its value has changed and emits the valueChanged() signal. That signal is connected both to the display() slot of the QLCDNumber and to the `valueChanged()` signal of the `LCDRange`.

Thus, when the signal is emitted, `LCDRange` emits its own `valueChanged()` signal. In addition, QLCDNumber::display() is called and shows the new number.

Note that you're not guaranteed any particular order of execution; `LCDRange::valueChanged()` may be emitted before or after QLCDNumber::display() is called.

        int LCDRange::value() const
        {
            return slider->value();
        }

The implementation of `value()` is straightforward. It simply returns the slider's value.

        void LCDRange::setValue(int value)
        {
            slider->setValue(value);
        }

The implementation of `setValue()` is equally straightforward. Note that because the slider and LCD number are connected, setting the slider's value automatically updates the LCD number as well. In addition, the slider will automatically adjust the value if it is outside its legal range.

### t7/main.cpp

            LCDRange *previousRange = 0;

            for (int row = 0; row < 4; ++row) {
                for (int column = 0; column < 4; ++column) {
                    LCDRange *lcdRange = new LCDRange;
                    grid->addWidget(lcdRange, row, column);
                    if (previousRange)
                        connect(lcdRange, SIGNAL(valueChanged(int)),
                                previousRange, SLOT(setValue(int)));
                    previousRange = lcdRange;
                }
            }

All of `main.cpp` is copied from the previous chapter except in the constructor for `MyWidget`. When we create the 16 `LCDRange` objects, we now connect them using the signals and slots mechanism. Each has its `valueChanged()` signal connected to the previous one's `setValue()` slot. Because `LCDRange` emits the `valueChanged()` signal when its value changes, we are here creating a chain of signals and slots.

## Compiling the Application

Creating a makefile for a multi-file application is no different from creating one for a single-file application. If you've saved all the files in this example in their own directory, all you have to do is:

        qmake -project
        qmake

The first command tells qmake to create a `.pro` file. The second command tells it to create a (platform-specific) makefile based on the project file. You should now be able to type `make` (or `nmake` if you're using Visual Studio) to build your application.

## Running the Application

On startup, the program's appearance is identical to the previous one. Try operating the slider to the bottom-right.

## Exercises

Use the bottom-right slider to set all LCDs to 50. Then set the top half to 40 by clicking once to the left of the slider handle. Now, use the one to the left of the last one operated to set the first seven LCDs back to 50.

Click to the left of the handle on the bottom-right slider. What happens? Why is this the correct behavior?

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